Outreach vs Clay
A detailed comparison of Outreach and Clay. Find out which AI SDR solution is right for your team.
📌Key Takeaways
- 1Outreach vs Clay: Comparing 6 criteria.
- 2Outreach wins 1 categories, Clay wins 5, with 0 ties.
- 3Outreach: 4.8/5 rating. Clay: 5.0/5 rating.
- 4Overall recommendation: Clay edges ahead in this comparison.
Outreach
Enterprise sales engagement platform with AI-powered sequence optimization, conversation intelligence, and revenue forecasting
Clay
Data enrichment and workflow automation platform that combines 75+ data sources for hyper-personalized outbound campaigns
1
Outreach wins
0
Ties
5
Clay wins
Feature Comparison
| Criteria | Outreach | Clay | Winner |
|---|---|---|---|
| Email Deliverability | 3 | 4 | Clay |
| Personalization | 4 | 5 | Clay |
| Automation Level | 4 | 5 | Clay |
| CRM Integration | 5 | 3 | Outreach |
| Ease of Use | 4 | 5 | Clay |
| Multi-channel Support | 4 | 5 | Clay |
Detailed Analysis
Email Deliverability
ClayOutreach
Outreach's email deliverability capabilities
Clay
Clay's email deliverability capabilities
Comparing email deliverability between Outreach and Clay.
Personalization
ClayOutreach
Outreach's personalization capabilities
Clay
Clay's personalization capabilities
Comparing personalization between Outreach and Clay.
Automation Level
ClayOutreach
Outreach's automation level capabilities
Clay
Clay's automation level capabilities
Comparing automation level between Outreach and Clay.
CRM Integration
OutreachOutreach
Outreach's crm integration capabilities
Clay
Clay's crm integration capabilities
Comparing crm integration between Outreach and Clay.
Ease of Use
ClayOutreach
Outreach's ease of use capabilities
Clay
Clay's ease of use capabilities
Comparing ease of use between Outreach and Clay.
Multi-channel Support
ClayOutreach
Outreach's multi-channel support capabilities
Clay
Clay's multi-channel support capabilities
Comparing multi-channel support between Outreach and Clay.
Feature-by-Feature Breakdown
AI Sales Engagement
OutreachOutreach
Outreach's AI Sales Engagement engine represents a paradigm shift from traditional email sequencing tools. The system leverages machine learning models trained on billions of sales interactions to intelligently orchestrate multi-channel outreach campaigns across email, phone, LinkedIn, and SMS. Unlike basic automation tools that simply schedule messages, Outreach's AI analyzes prospect behavior patterns, engagement signals, and historical response data to dynamically optimize every aspect of outreach timing, messaging, and channel selection. The platform automatically personalizes email content using AI-generated suggestions based on prospect attributes, company news, and previous interactions. When a prospect opens an email but doesn't respond, the system intelligently adjusts the sequence—perhaps switching to a phone touchpoint or modifying the messaging angle. This adaptive approach ensures that each prospect receives the most effective outreach strategy based on their unique engagement patterns, dramatically improving response rates while reducing the manual effort required from sales representatives. Increases outreach efficiency by 3-5x and improves response rates by 25-40% while eliminating hours of manual email management and scheduling work
✓ Increases outreach efficiency by 3-5x and improves response rates by 25-40% while eliminating hours of manual email management and scheduling work
Clay
Clay's waterfall enrichment engine represents a paradigm shift in how sales teams access prospect data. Rather than querying a single database and accepting whatever information is available, Clay sequentially queries multiple premium data providers in a customizable order, automatically moving to the next source when the previous one lacks the required information. This intelligent cascading approach maximizes data coverage while optimizing costs by prioritizing less expensive sources first. Users can configure enrichment waterfalls for emails, phone numbers, company data, technographics, and custom attributes, with the system automatically deduplicating and validating results. The platform supports over 50 data sources including LinkedIn Sales Navigator, Apollo, Hunter.io, Clearbit, ZoomInfo, Lusha, RocketReach, and specialized industry databases, enabling enrichment rates of 70-90% compared to the 40-50% typical of single-source solutions. Achieve dramatically higher data coverage and accuracy while reducing per-record costs through intelligent source prioritization and automatic fallback logic.
✓ Achieve dramatically higher data coverage and accuracy while reducing per-record costs through intelligent source prioritization and automatic fallback logic
Both Outreach and Clay offer AI Sales Engagement. Outreach's approach focuses on outreach's ai sales engagement engine represents a paradigm shift from traditional email sequencing tools., while Clay emphasizes clay's waterfall enrichment engine represents a paradigm shift in how sales teams access prospect data.. Choose based on which implementation better fits your workflow.
Real-Time Coaching (Kaia)
OutreachOutreach
Kaia, Outreach's Knowledge AI Assistant, delivers real-time coaching and guidance during live customer conversations through an intelligent overlay that doesn't disrupt the natural flow of dialogue. The system uses advanced natural language processing to analyze conversation context in real-time, identifying key topics, competitive mentions, objections, and buying signals as they occur. Based on this analysis, Kaia surfaces relevant content cards, battle cards, pricing information, and suggested responses directly in the rep's interface. The AI also tracks talk-to-listen ratios, identifies when reps are dominating conversations, and provides gentle nudges to ask more discovery questions. Post-call, Kaia automatically generates comprehensive summaries, extracts action items, and updates CRM records—eliminating hours of administrative work while ensuring nothing falls through the cracks. The system learns from top performers across the organization, effectively democratizing best practices and enabling newer reps to perform at veteran levels. Improves call effectiveness and win rates by 20-30% while reducing new rep ramp time by 40% through instant access to institutional knowledge during critical customer moments
✓ Improves call effectiveness and win rates by 20-30% while reducing new rep ramp time by 40% through instant access to institutional knowledge during critical customer moments
Clay
Clay's artificial intelligence capabilities extend far beyond simple mail merge, offering sophisticated personalization that analyzes multiple data points to craft genuinely relevant outreach messages. The AI engine processes enriched prospect data including company news, recent funding rounds, job changes, technology stack, social media activity, and industry trends to generate personalized email opening lines, value propositions, and calls-to-action. Users can define custom AI prompts that incorporate their unique value propositions and messaging frameworks, ensuring generated content aligns with brand voice and sales methodology. The system can produce variations for A/B testing and automatically adapts tone based on prospect seniority, industry, and company size. Integration with GPT-4 and other large language models enables natural, human-sounding copy that avoids the robotic feel of traditional templates. Scale personalized outreach without sacrificing quality, achieving response rates 2-3x higher than generic templated messages while saving hours of manual copywriting.
✓ Scale personalized outreach without sacrificing quality, achieving response rates 2-3x higher than generic templated messages while saving hours of manual copywriting
Both Outreach and Clay offer Real-Time Coaching (Kaia). Outreach's approach focuses on kaia, outreach's knowledge ai assistant, delivers real-time coaching and guidance during live customer conversations through an intelligent overlay that doesn't disrupt the natural flow of dialogue., while Clay emphasizes clay's artificial intelligence capabilities extend far beyond simple mail merge, offering sophisticated personalization that analyzes multiple data points to craft genuinely relevant outreach messages.. Choose based on which implementation better fits your workflow.
Predictive Analytics & Forecasting
OutreachOutreach
Outreach's predictive analytics engine applies sophisticated machine learning models to historical deal data, current pipeline signals, and engagement patterns to generate probability-weighted forecasts that far exceed the accuracy of traditional CRM-based projections. The system analyzes hundreds of variables including email response rates, meeting frequency, stakeholder engagement depth, competitive presence, and deal velocity to calculate real-time win probabilities for every opportunity. Sales leaders receive early warning alerts when deals show signs of stalling or risk, enabling proactive intervention before opportunities are lost. The forecasting module aggregates individual deal predictions into team and organizational forecasts, automatically adjusting for historical bias patterns and seasonal variations. Unlike static forecasting tools, Outreach's predictions update continuously as new engagement data flows into the system, providing leadership with always-current visibility into pipeline health and expected revenue outcomes. Increases forecast accuracy by 30-50% compared to traditional methods and enables sales leaders to identify at-risk deals 2-3 weeks earlier for proactive intervention
✓ Increases forecast accuracy by 30-50% compared to traditional methods and enables sales leaders to identify at-risk deals 2-3 weeks earlier for proactive intervention
Clay
Clay's spreadsheet-inspired interface democratizes complex data operations, allowing non-technical users to build sophisticated prospecting workflows through an intuitive visual builder. Each column in Clay represents a data operation—whether pulling information from an API, running an AI enrichment, applying a formula, or triggering an action—creating a transparent, auditable workflow that's easy to understand and modify. Users can chain multiple operations together, with each step's output feeding into subsequent steps, enabling complex multi-stage enrichment and qualification processes. The platform supports conditional logic, allowing different enrichment paths based on prospect attributes, and includes pre-built templates for common use cases like finding decision-makers at target accounts or identifying companies using specific technologies. Version history and collaboration features enable teams to iterate on workflows together while maintaining accountability. Empower sales operations teams to build and iterate on complex prospecting workflows without engineering resources, reducing time-to-value from weeks to hours.
✓ Empower sales operations teams to build and iterate on complex prospecting workflows without engineering resources, reducing time-to-value from weeks to hours
Both Outreach and Clay offer Predictive Analytics & Forecasting. Outreach's approach focuses on outreach's predictive analytics engine applies sophisticated machine learning models to historical deal data, current pipeline signals, and engagement patterns to generate probability-weighted forecasts that far exceed the accuracy of traditional crm-based projections., while Clay emphasizes clay's spreadsheet-inspired interface democratizes complex data operations, allowing non-technical users to build sophisticated prospecting workflows through an intuitive visual builder.. Choose based on which implementation better fits your workflow.
Opportunity Management
OutreachOutreach
Outreach's Opportunity Management module provides a centralized command center for managing complex B2B sales cycles involving multiple stakeholders, extended timelines, and intricate buying processes. The platform automatically creates and assigns tasks based on deal stage, ensuring that critical activities like stakeholder mapping, executive engagement, and proposal delivery happen at the right moments. The system tracks all customer interactions across channels—emails, calls, meetings, and LinkedIn touches—and surfaces them in a unified timeline view that gives reps complete context for every conversation. Collaboration features enable seamless handoffs between SDRs and AEs, coordinate multi-threaded engagement strategies, and facilitate manager involvement on strategic deals. The platform integrates bidirectionally with CRM systems, ensuring that opportunity data remains synchronized while providing a more intuitive interface for day-to-day deal management. AI-powered deal health scores highlight which opportunities need attention, while recommended actions guide reps toward the most impactful next steps. Streamlines complex deal management and improves team coordination, resulting in 15-25% faster sales cycles and higher win rates on multi-stakeholder opportunities
✓ Streamlines complex deal management and improves team coordination, resulting in 15-25% faster sales cycles and higher win rates on multi-stakeholder opportunities
Clay
Clay transforms prospect list building from a tedious manual process into a streamlined, automated workflow that combines multiple data sources into unified, deduplicated lists. Users can import prospects from CRM exports, LinkedIn Sales Navigator searches, conference attendee lists, website visitor data, or any CSV file, then enrich and merge these sources while automatically identifying and resolving duplicates. The platform's intelligent matching algorithms consider multiple identifiers—email, LinkedIn URL, company domain, and name variations—to accurately consolidate records without creating false matches. Advanced filtering capabilities allow users to segment lists based on any enriched attribute, from company size and industry to technology stack and recent funding. Integration with LinkedIn Sales Navigator enables direct import of saved searches and lead lists, while API connections support automated list building from custom data sources. Consolidate fragmented prospect data from multiple sources into clean, enriched lists ready for outreach, eliminating hours of manual data cleaning and deduplication.
✓ Consolidate fragmented prospect data from multiple sources into clean, enriched lists ready for outreach, eliminating hours of manual data cleaning and deduplication
Both Outreach and Clay offer Opportunity Management. Outreach's approach focuses on outreach's opportunity management module provides a centralized command center for managing complex b2b sales cycles involving multiple stakeholders, extended timelines, and intricate buying processes., while Clay emphasizes clay transforms prospect list building from a tedious manual process into a streamlined, automated workflow that combines multiple data sources into unified, deduplicated lists.. Choose based on which implementation better fits your workflow.
Comprehensive Analytics & Reporting
OutreachOutreach
Outreach delivers enterprise-grade analytics and reporting capabilities that transform raw sales activity data into actionable intelligence for frontline managers and executive leadership alike. The platform offers dozens of pre-built dashboards covering key performance indicators including activity metrics, conversion rates, pipeline velocity, forecast accuracy, and team productivity. Customizable report builders enable organizations to create tailored views that align with their specific sales methodologies and KPI frameworks. Real-time dashboards update continuously, providing leadership with always-current visibility into team performance without waiting for end-of-week or end-of-month reporting cycles. The analytics engine identifies patterns and anomalies automatically, surfacing coaching opportunities when individual reps underperform on specific metrics or highlighting successful tactics that should be replicated across the team. Drill-down capabilities enable managers to move from high-level trends to individual rep activities with a few clicks, facilitating data-driven one-on-one coaching conversations. Enables sales leadership to make data-driven decisions in real-time, identify performance improvement opportunities 50% faster, and measure the true ROI of sales activities and investments
✓ Enables sales leadership to make data-driven decisions in real-time, identify performance improvement opportunities 50% faster, and measure the true ROI of sales activities and investments
Clay
Clay seamlessly connects with the broader sales technology stack through native integrations with major CRMs and sales engagement platforms, ensuring enriched data flows directly into existing workflows without manual export/import cycles. Bidirectional Salesforce and HubSpot integrations enable users to pull existing leads and accounts into Clay for enrichment, then push updated records back with new data fields automatically mapped to CRM properties. Integration with outreach platforms like Outreach.io, Salesloft, Apollo, and Instantly allows users to push enriched prospects directly into sequences with personalized messaging already populated. Webhook support and a robust API enable custom integrations with any system, while Zapier connectivity provides no-code integration options for teams without development resources. The platform maintains sync logs and error handling to ensure data integrity across systems. Eliminate manual data entry and ensure enriched prospect data automatically flows into CRM and outreach tools, maintaining data consistency while accelerating speed-to-outreach.
✓ Eliminate manual data entry and ensure enriched prospect data automatically flows into CRM and outreach tools, maintaining data consistency while accelerating speed-to-outreach
Both Outreach and Clay offer Comprehensive Analytics & Reporting. Outreach's approach focuses on outreach delivers enterprise-grade analytics and reporting capabilities that transform raw sales activity data into actionable intelligence for frontline managers and executive leadership alike., while Clay emphasizes clay seamlessly connects with the broader sales technology stack through native integrations with major crms and sales engagement platforms, ensuring enriched data flows directly into existing workflows without manual export/import cycles.. Choose based on which implementation better fits your workflow.
Strengths & Weaknesses
Outreach
Strengths
- ✓AI Sales Engagement: Outreach's AI Sales Engagement engine represents a paradigm shift from traditional email sequencing tools. The system leverages machine learning model...
- ✓Real-Time Coaching (Kaia): Kaia, Outreach's Knowledge AI Assistant, delivers real-time coaching and guidance during live customer conversations through an intelligent overlay th...
- ✓Predictive Analytics & Forecasting: Outreach's predictive analytics engine applies sophisticated machine learning models to historical deal data, current pipeline signals, and engagement...
- ✓Opportunity Management: Outreach's Opportunity Management module provides a centralized command center for managing complex B2B sales cycles involving multiple stakeholders,...
- ✓Comprehensive Analytics & Reporting: Outreach delivers enterprise-grade analytics and reporting capabilities that transform raw sales activity data into actionable intelligence for frontl...
Weaknesses
- ✗Learning curve for advanced automation features - optimal configuration may require experimentation and iteration.
- ✗Data accuracy varies by region - international markets may have less comprehensive or current contact information.
- ✗AI-generated content requires human review to ensure accuracy and brand voice consistency.
Clay
Strengths
- ✓Waterfall Data Enrichment: Clay's waterfall enrichment engine represents a paradigm shift in how sales teams access prospect data. Rather than querying a single database and acc...
- ✓AI-Powered Personalization Engine: Clay's artificial intelligence capabilities extend far beyond simple mail merge, offering sophisticated personalization that analyzes multiple data po...
- ✓Visual Workflow Builder: Clay's spreadsheet-inspired interface democratizes complex data operations, allowing non-technical users to build sophisticated prospecting workflows...
- ✓Multi-Source List Building: Clay transforms prospect list building from a tedious manual process into a streamlined, automated workflow that combines multiple data sources into u...
- ✓CRM and Outreach Integration: Clay seamlessly connects with the broader sales technology stack through native integrations with major CRMs and sales engagement platforms, ensuring...
Weaknesses
- ✗Learning curve for advanced automation features - optimal configuration may require experimentation and iteration.
- ✗Data accuracy varies by region - international markets may have less comprehensive or current contact information.
- ✗AI-generated content requires human review to ensure accuracy and brand voice consistency.
Industry-Specific Fit
| Industry | Outreach | Clay | Better Fit |
|---|---|---|---|
| SaaS & Technology | Outreach has become the de facto standard for SaaS and technology sales teams, where high-velocity outbound prospecting and complex multi-threaded deals are the norm. The platform's sequencing capabilities enable SDR teams to efficiently work large prospect lists while maintaining personalization, while conversation intelligence helps account executives navigate technical sales cycles with multiple stakeholders. Technology companies appreciate Outreach's deep Salesforce integration and API-first architecture that fits seamlessly into modern tech stacks. | Clay is particularly well-suited for SaaS and technology companies where sales cycles involve multiple stakeholders and technical evaluation. The platform's technographic enrichment capabilities allow sales teams to identify prospects based on their current technology stack, enabling highly relevant outreach that references specific tools and potential integration opportunities. SaaS companies benefit from Clay's ability to track technology adoption signals, triggering outreach when prospects adopt complementary or competitive solutions. The platform's scalability matches the high-velocity sales motions common in SaaS, where teams need to reach large numbers of prospects efficiently while maintaining personalization. | Clay |
| Financial Services | Financial services organizations leverage Outreach to modernize their sales processes while maintaining the compliance and security standards required in regulated industries. The platform's call recording and activity logging capabilities support compliance requirements, while AI-driven insights help relationship managers identify cross-sell and upsell opportunities within existing accounts. Enterprise security features including SSO, role-based access, and audit logging meet the stringent requirements of banks, insurance companies, and wealth management firms. | Financial services firms leverage Clay to navigate complex B2B sales environments where relationship-building and credibility are paramount. The platform's comprehensive data enrichment helps identify decision-makers within target organizations and understand their specific financial needs and challenges. Clay's compliance-friendly approach to data handling addresses the regulatory concerns common in financial services, while its personalization capabilities enable the consultative outreach style that resonates with financial buyers. Investment firms, fintech companies, and financial advisors use Clay to identify prospects experiencing relevant financial events like funding rounds or leadership changes. | Clay |
| Healthcare & Life Sciences | Healthcare and life sciences companies use Outreach to engage healthcare providers, hospital systems, and pharmaceutical buyers through compliant, personalized outreach campaigns. The platform helps medical device and pharmaceutical sales teams navigate complex buying committees while maintaining detailed records of all interactions for regulatory compliance. Conversation intelligence enables coaching on sensitive healthcare discussions, while sequencing automates follow-up without losing the personal touch required in healthcare relationships. | Healthcare technology companies and life sciences organizations use Clay to navigate the complex stakeholder landscape in healthcare sales. The platform's enrichment capabilities help identify the right contacts within health systems, pharmaceutical companies, and medical device manufacturers, while compliance-conscious data handling addresses HIPAA and other regulatory considerations. Clay's signal detection can identify healthcare organizations undergoing digital transformation, leadership changes, or expansion—all indicators of potential technology investment. The platform's personalization capabilities help craft messages that resonate with clinical, administrative, and technical stakeholders. | Clay |
| Manufacturing & Industrial | Manufacturing and industrial companies leverage Outreach to modernize traditionally relationship-driven sales processes, enabling inside sales teams to efficiently qualify and nurture prospects before engaging field sales resources. The platform's activity management capabilities provide visibility into long sales cycles typical in manufacturing, while AI-driven insights help identify when prospects are ready to move forward. Integration with ERP and CRM systems ensures seamless data flow across the organization. | Manufacturing companies and industrial suppliers leverage Clay to modernize traditionally relationship-driven sales processes. The platform helps identify decision-makers within target manufacturing organizations and understand their operational challenges through firmographic and technographic enrichment. Clay's signal detection can identify manufacturers experiencing growth, facility expansion, or technology modernization—all indicators of potential equipment or service needs. The platform's multi-channel capabilities support the longer sales cycles common in manufacturing, maintaining engagement across email, LinkedIn, and phone over extended periods. | Clay |
| Professional Services | Professional services firms including consulting, legal, and accounting organizations use Outreach to systematize business development efforts that have traditionally relied on partner relationships and referrals. The platform enables firms to build scalable outreach programs while maintaining the personalized, high-touch approach expected in professional services. Conversation intelligence helps capture client needs and competitive intelligence from business development calls. | Consulting firms, agencies, and professional services organizations use Clay to scale business development without sacrificing the personalized approach that defines their client relationships. The platform enables partners and business development professionals to identify prospects facing challenges that match their expertise, using signal detection to time outreach around relevant events. Clay's AI personalization helps craft messages that demonstrate understanding of each prospect's specific situation, building credibility from the first touch. The platform's efficiency gains are particularly valuable in professional services where billable time is precious and business development often competes with client work. | Clay |
| Telecommunications | Telecommunications companies leverage Outreach to manage high-volume sales operations across consumer, SMB, and enterprise segments. The platform's dialer and sequencing capabilities enable efficient outreach to large prospect bases, while AI-driven scoring helps prioritize the most promising opportunities. Integration with billing and provisioning systems enables seamless handoffs from sales to implementation. | Not specified | Outreach |
| Real Estate & Construction | Commercial real estate and construction companies use Outreach to manage relationship-driven sales processes with long consideration cycles. The platform helps brokers and sales teams maintain consistent follow-up with prospects over months or years, while activity tracking ensures no opportunity falls through the cracks. Mobile capabilities enable field-based teams to stay connected and log activities on the go. | Commercial real estate firms and construction companies leverage Clay to identify development opportunities and potential clients. The platform's signal detection can identify companies experiencing growth, relocation, or expansion—all indicators of real estate needs. Clay's enrichment capabilities help understand company size, funding status, and growth trajectory, enabling targeted outreach to organizations most likely to need space or construction services. The platform's multi-channel approach supports the relationship-building that remains central to real estate and construction sales. | Clay |
| Education & EdTech | Education technology companies and higher education institutions leverage Outreach to engage students, administrators, and institutional buyers through personalized outreach campaigns. The platform's sequencing capabilities help admissions teams nurture prospective students through the enrollment funnel, while EdTech sales teams use AI-driven insights to identify schools and districts most likely to adopt new solutions. | Not specified | Outreach |
Our Verdict
Outreach and Clay are both strong AI SDR solutions. Outreach excels at ai sales engagement. Choose based on which specific features and approach best fit your workflow and requirements.
Choose Outreach if you:
- ✓You need ai sales engagement capabilities
- ✓You need real-time coaching (kaia) capabilities
- ✓You operate in SaaS & Technology
Choose Clay if you:
- ✓You operate in SaaS & Technology
- ✓You prefer Clay's approach to ai sdr
- ✓You prefer Clay's approach to ai sdr
Need Help Choosing?
Get expert guidance on selecting between Outreach and Clay for your specific use case.
Find a Strategy PartnerFrequently Asked Questions
Sources & Evidence
AI-powered opportunity scoring and engagement recommendations that predict which prospects are most likely to convert and automatically suggest optimal outreach timing and messaging
Source: Outreach's proprietary machine learning engine analyzes billions of historical sales interactions, engagement patterns, and deal outcomes to score leads in real-time with remarkable accuracy. The system processes signals including email engagement metrics, call sentiment, meeting attendance, and buying committee involvement to generate dynamic opportunity scores. According to Outreach's published customer data, organizations using AI-driven prioritization experience 30-40% increases in sales productivity, with top performers seeing 2x improvement in pipeline conversion rates. The platform's recommendation engine goes beyond scoring to suggest specific actions—optimal send times, message templates, and follow-up cadences—based on what has historically worked for similar prospects and deal types.
Waterfall Data Enrichment with 75+ Integrated Data Providers
Source: Clay's most distinctive capability is its waterfall enrichment system that automatically queries 75+ premium data providers in sequence to maximize data coverage. Unlike competitors that rely on a single data source, Clay's approach ensures that if one provider doesn't have a prospect's email or phone number, the system automatically tries the next provider until it finds valid data. According to Clay's documentation, this approach achieves up to 3x higher enrichment rates compared to single-source solutions. The platform aggregates data from providers including Clearbit, ZoomInfo, Apollo, Hunter, Lusha, and dozens more—all accessible through a single credit system rather than requiring separate subscriptions to each service.